| J | prevention, treatment, and maintenance. health care b-out d-out qh |
| HN | Changed descriptor 2000; through 1999 use "prevention, intervention, and treatment. health care". | |
| SN | These areas are closely related. If a needed descriptor is not available in one area, a descriptor from another area can be used. Furthermore, descriptors from any other area, in particular from
*+G health and disease* qh ah, *+HA screening and diagnostic method* qh ah, *+HJ treatment method* qh ah, and *+T demographic characteristics* qh ah can be used in
combination with J descriptors as needed.
Section *+JB prevention* qh ah concentrates on the prevention of disorders, with emphasis on education and information programs directed at groups. It also includes measures an individual can take to prevent development of a disorder and measures to prevent the negative consequences of a disorder (overlap with treatment) and AODR accidents. The term "intervention" was used in earlier editions of the Thesaurus with the specific meaning of intervening with an individual, couple, or family with the purpose of initiating measures to revert, stop, or slow the progress of a disorder in its nascent stage. Such measures are now subsumed under prevention. Intervention is generally used as a broad term referring to any kind of preventive or treatment intervention directed at individuals or groups. Thus, a prevention education program may be referred to as a preventive intervention in the community. Section *+JL treatment and patient care* qh ah deals with the overall process of providing treatment and post-treatment maintenance for an individual. The specific methods used in this treatment are covered in sections *+HA screening and diagnostic method* qh ah and *+HJ treatment method* qh ah. Section *+JS health care delivery and administration* qh ah deals with the overall organization of the health care system and other administrative aspects of health care. For purposes of this section, health care is conceived broadly to include prevention, intervention, and treatment. This introductory section includes a few descriptors that apply throughout prevention, intervention, and treatment. A target group can be specified by a descriptor from *+T demographic characteristics* qh ah, possibly combined with a descriptor from *+S field, discipline, or occupation* qh ah. | |
| ST | prevention, intervention, and treatment. health care | |
| RT | +HB AODU screening, identification, and diagnostic method qh ah | |
| +JA4e health care in general qh ah | ||
| +JT8e health service or program by sponsor or setting qh ah | ||
| MR2.4e target group qh ah |
| JA | general prevention, treatment, and maintenance concepts d-out qh |
| HN | Introduced 2000. | |
| RT | +FR16.6e attitude towards illness or disability qh ah |
| JA2 | health services, prevention, and treatment research qh |
| HN | Introduced 2000. | |
| NT | JV6.6.4 health care research funding qh ah |
| JA2.2e | . health services research qh |
| HN | Introduced 1995. | |
| SN | Health services research studies the impact of organization, financing, and administration of health services on the multiple dimensions of service delivery: accessibility, cost, outcomes, quality,
and other aspects of health services. It combines concepts and methods from economics, medicine, sociology, psychology, epidemiology, business administration, and a number of other disciplines.
It does not focus on human biology or etiology, prevention, diagnosis, or treatment of disease.
Health services research occurs at four levels: (1) the clinical level, which takes into account nonmedical factors that affect outcomes, such as setting and provider characteristics, and a broad range of outcome criteria, such as patient satisfaction and treatment costs; (2) the institutional level, which focuses on organizational and administrative features of service delivery, such as the impact of managed care on the quality of care and cost; (3) the systems level, which examines the interrelationships among various aspects of the health care system, such as how financing mechanisms, organization of health care services, health care demand, and health care expenditures are related; and (4) the environmental level, which examines the circumstances and events in the larger social, political, and economic contexts that shape the health services system and define its functions in relation to the overall social system. Health services research includes studies of resources for treatment and of the use and cost of these resources; estimates of the need or demand for treatment services in the population or in particular subpopulations; studies of the costs and cost-effectiveness of treatment or alternative treatments; and studies of the possible cost-offsets of treatment (e.g., cost of treatment versus cost of the untreated condition and social costs, such as reduced productivity, motor vehicle and other property damage, incarceration, family disruption, etc.). | |
| ST | health care delivery research | |
| health care research | ||
| HSR | ||
| medical care research | ||
| research on treatment services | ||
| RT | +GA general concepts of health and disease qh ah | |
| +JA2.4e prevention research qh ah | ||
| +JA2.6e treatment research qh ah | ||
| +JU4e health care planning qh ah | ||
| JV6.6.4 health care research funding qh ah | ||
| +LAe social psychology qh ah | ||
| +MAe sociology and anthropology qh ah | ||
| +MNe law qh ah | ||
| +MO law enforcement and the justice system qh ah | ||
| +MP18e public policy qh ah | ||
| +MT6 analytical method in economics qh ah | ||
| +MT10.2 macroeconomic cost-benefit analysis qh ah | ||
| +MVe human services qh ah | ||
| +PBe demography qh ah | ||
| +PDe epidemiology qh ah | ||
| +RB research organization and management qh ah | ||
| +RCe research and evaluation method qh ah | ||
| +Te demographic characteristics qh ah |
| JA2.2.4e | . . organization of services in HSR qh |
| HN | Introduced 1995. | |
| ST | organization and management of services in HSR | |
| BT | +MQe administration and management qh ah | |
| RT | +JMe patient care management qh ah | |
| JP6.2 patient placement criteria qh ah | ||
| +JS health care delivery and administration qh ah | ||
| +JS2e health care delivery qh ah | ||
| +JS2.4e managed care qh ah |
| JA2.2.6e | . . treatment outcome in HSR qh |
| HN | Introduced 1995. | |
| ST | treatment effectiveness and outcome in HSR | |
| treatment outcome research | ||
| BT | +JA2.6e treatment research qh ah | |
| +JP14e treatment outcome qh ah | ||
| RT | +FV22e evaluation qh ah | |
| +HB AODU screening, identification, and diagnostic method qh ah | ||
| +HKe AODU treatment method qh ah | ||
| +JL treatment and patient care qh ah | ||
| JP6.2 patient placement criteria qh ah | ||
| JP12.16e treatment cost qh ah | ||
| +JS2e health care delivery qh ah | ||
| MQ8.10e program evaluation qh ah | ||
| MQ12.4.4e cost-effectiveness qh ah |
| JA2.2.8e | . . utilization and cost in HSR qh |
| HN | Introduced 1995. | |
| BT | +JU6 health care capacity and utilization qh ah | |
| +JV4.4e health care costs qh ah | ||
| RT | JP12.16e treatment cost qh ah | |
| JU10.2 health care utilization review qh ah | ||
| +JV health care economics qh ah | ||
| MQ12.4.4e cost-effectiveness qh ah | ||
| +MTe economics qh ah | ||
| +MT2.14.2.2 social and economic cost of AOD qh ah |
| JA2.2.10e | . . financing and reimbursement in HSR qh |
| HN | Introduced 1995. | |
| BT | +JV6e health care financing qh ah | |
| RT | +JV health care economics qh ah | |
| +JV4.4e health care costs qh ah | ||
| +MTe economics qh ah |
| JA2.4e | . prevention research qh |
| SN | Studies (1) the physiological, moral, cultural, social, and legal risk and protective factors that influence an individual's susceptibility to disease and disability as the basis for designing
interventions to prevent the occurrence of disease or disability or the progression of asymptomatic disease and (2) the effects of such preventive interventions in populations (prevention trials).
(1) includes basic psychological research to study the development of disorders such as alcohol abuse, drug abuse, mental illness, and adult criminal behavior and to understand the precursors of maladaptive behaviors (e.g., unsafe sexual activity, dropping out of school) whose consequences can alter one's potential to become a healthy adult, with a focus on the identification of early signs of difficulties and the emergence of developmental sequences, or stages, of disorders and maladaptive behaviors. (2) includes the conduct of clinical and community trials and demonstrations to assess preventive interventions and to encourage their adoption and the refinement of methodological and statistical procedures for quantitatively assessing risk and measuring the effects of preventive interventions. If applicable, combine with a more specific descriptor from *+JB prevention* qh ah and from *+R research method and research organization* qh ah. This descriptor may not retrieve all documents on specific prevention research studies. (IOM) | |
| BT | +JBe prevention qh ah | |
| RT | +FV22e evaluation qh ah | |
| +JA2.2e health services research qh ah | ||
| +R research method and research organization qh ah | ||
| +RA general topics in research qh ah | ||
| +RB research organization and management qh ah |
| JA2.4.2 | . . prevention-related research qh |
| HN | Introduced 2000. | |
| SN | U.S. Public Health Service definition. Research that has a high probability of yielding results which will likely be applicable to the prevention of disease or disability. Included are studies aimed at elucidating the chain of causation (i.e., the etiology and mechanisms) of acute and chronic disease. Such basic research efforts generate the fundamental knowledge which contributes to the development of future preventive interventions. |
| JA2.6e | . treatment research qh |
| SN | Treatment research deals with all aspects of treatment: the medical and psychosocial methods of treatment, their biological or psychological mechanisms of action, their effectiveness, and the organizational, social, and economic conditions of treatment. In the latter area it overlaps with *+JA2.2 health services research* qh ah. | |
| NT | JA2.2.6e treatment outcome in HSR qh ah | |
| BT | +JL treatment and patient care qh ah | |
| RT | +R research method and research organization qh ah |
| JA4e | health care in general qh |
| SN | Documents that broadly address multiple topics in *+J prevention, treatment, and maintenance. health care* qh ah. | |
| ST | health care | |
| RT | +GA general concepts of health and disease qh ah | |
| MP18.6e public policy on health qh ah | ||
| +MVe human services qh ah | ||
| +PDe epidemiology qh ah | ||
| +SJ4 health care (field) qh ah |
| JA4.2e | . continuum of care qh |
| SN | A continuum of activities and strategies that address the resolution of diseases, disorders, disability, and other instances of harm to individuals. Includes prevention, treatment, and maintenance (including aftercare and rehabilitation). The boundaries between these stages are blurred. | |
| ST | continuum of service | |
| intervention spectrum | ||
| spectrum of interventions for disorders |
| JA4.4 | . prevention and treatment goals qh |
| HN | Introduced 2000. | |
| SN | The goals of prevention and treatment overlap. Goals listed under *+JB4 prevention goals* qh ah may also be goals of treatment and vice versa. | |
| SN | Combine with other descriptors to represent a specific health care goal. | |
| ST | health care goal | |
| health priorities | ||
| NT | +JB4e prevention goals qh ah | |
| +JL2e treatment goals qh ah | ||
| RT | MN36.2 goal of punishment qh ah |
| JA4.6 | . recipient-intervention matching qh |
| HN | Introduced 2000. | |
| SN | Choosing the intervention approach that will best address the recipients' problems, considering their background and state of health, and matching the intensity of the intervention with the severity and chronicity of the problem. | |
| ST | client-intervention matching | |
| NT | +JP6e patient-treatment matching qh ah | |
| RT | +NA8.4e audience-message matching qh ah | |
| RK2.4 assignment of study subjects to conditions qh ah |
| JA4.8 | . recipient-intervenor matching qh |
| HN | Introduced 2000. | |
| SN | The matching of the recipients of a preventive intervention with appropriate intervenors or the matching of patients with doctors, nurses, counselors, or mentors. May match the intervenor's skills with the skills required by the recipient and criteria such as age, gender, ethnicity, and other demographic characteristics. Intervenors include spokespersons in media campaigns. | |
| ST | assignment of intervenors to participants | |
| RT | +NA8.4.2 audience-messenger matching qh ah |
| JA4.10 | . intervenor-recipient relations qh |
| HN | Introduced 2000. | |
| NT | +JP10.8e treatment-provider-patient relations qh ah |
| JA4.12 | . prevention or treatment protocol qh |
| HN | Introduced 2000. | |
| ST | control of prevention or treatment delivery | |
| control of prevention or treatment execution | ||
| intervention protocol | ||
| prevention or treatment implementation fidelity | ||
| variation and control of intervention and components | ||
| NT | JP10.2.10e patient compliance qh ah | |
| RT | +JU10e health care quality control qh ah | |
| +RK2e study design qh ah |
| JA4.12.2 | . . manual-based prevention or treatment qh |
| HN | Introduced 2000. | |
| SN | Prevention or treatment intervention carried out strictly according to a manual that lays out all steps in detail. | |
| ST | controlled prevention or treatment execution |
| JA4.12.4 | . . adaptive prevention or treatment qh |
| HN | Introduced 2000. | |
| SN | Prevention or treatment intervention carried out with more freedom or variation from strict prescription, thus offering the possibility of adaptation to special circumstances but also losing a measure of control. | |
| ST | uncontrolled prevention or treatment execution |
| JA4.12.8 | . . prevention or treatment approval qh |
| HN | Introduced 2000. | |
| SN | Approval by a person or committee, other than the health care professional directly in charge. | |
| NT | JV6.4.2e prevention or treatment preapproval qh ah |
| JA4.12.8.2 | . . . prevention or treatment approval by medical-ethical committee qh |
| HN | Introduced 2000. | |
| RT | MY2.14.4e medical ethics qh ah |
| JA4.12.10e | . . patient supervision qh |
| HN | Introduced 2000. |
| JA6 | risk and protective factors qh |
| HN | Changed descriptor 2000; through 1999 use "risk factors and protective factors." | |
| SN | Factors that increase or decrease the probability that a person will contract a disorder. Many disorders, especially AOD use and mental disorders, are generally not caused or counteracted by a
single factor; they are more likely a function of a number of risk and protective factors encountered by an individual. The causal relationship between these risk and protective factors and the
disorder is often unclear. Often correlations can be established but causation cannot be proven. A correlate of later disorder may be merely an indicator rather than a causative factor.
A multiplicity of risk factors or paucity of countervailing protective factors increases the probability that a person will develop the disorder. Risk factors and protective factors often come in pairs; for example, poor relations to school constitute a risk factor while good relations to school constitute a protective factor. Some protective factors counteract the effects of one or more risk factors. Some risk and protective factors are inherent in the individual; others are inherent in the individual's physical, cultural, social, political, and economic environments. Classification and rules for indexing and searching. Risk and protective factors are classified in two ways, representing two facets: (1) *+JA6.6 risk factors* qh ah versus *+JA6.8 protective factors* qh ah and (2) by area/domain, such as *+JA6.12.6 biological risk and protective factors* qh ah or *+JA6.14.6 environmental risk and protective factors* qh ah. Often two descriptors, one from each facet, will be needed; for example, for biological risk factors, index *+JA6.6 risk factors* qh ah and *+JA6.12.6 biological risk and protective factors* qh ah. If a document focuses on a factor, such as low birth weight, as a risk factor, three descriptors must be used: *GJ2.12 low birth weight* qh ah, *+JA6.6 risk factors* qh ah, and the applicable descriptor from facet 2, in the example *+JA6.12.6 biological risk and protective factors* qh ah. Under the concepts in facet 2, many factors that could act as AOD related risk factors and/or protective factors are listed as Related Terms without claim to completeness. In a very complete search for, say, *JA6.12.8 psychological risk and protective factors* qh ah, it is advisable to search for all the factors listed as Related Terms (and perhaps additional factors the searcher can think of). | |
| ST | influence factors | |
| risk and resiliency characteristics | ||
| RT | +EE14.4.4e beneficial vs adverse drug effect qh ah | |
| +GA10.8e disease factor qh ah | ||
| +HA2.2.2 screening and diagnostic method for potential disorder qh ah | ||
| HB4.2e screening and diagnostic method for potential AODD qh ah | ||
| JG26.2.2.6 assessment for AODU susceptibility qh ah | ||
| +LB16 social attachment vs detachment qh ah | ||
| +LG14.4.4 child-rearing practice qh ah | ||
| LG16.4.2e parental tolerance of adolescent AOD use qh ah | ||
| LG16.6e parental monitoring qh ah | ||
| +LM context qh ah | ||
| TZ2.2e high-risk youth qh ah |
| JA6.2 | . risk and protective factors by number of domains qh |
| HN | Introduced 2000. | |
| SN | A risk factor can occur in one or more of the following domains: home, school, peer group, neighborhood, or workplace. When a risk factor occurs in multiple domains, interventions are required in all of them. |
| JA6.2.2 | . . single-domain risk and protective factors qh |
| HN | Introduced 2000. |
| JA6.2.4 | . . multiple-domain risk and protective factors qh |
| HN | Introduced 2000. |
| JA6.4 | . cross-generation risk factors qh |
| HN | Introduced 2000. | |
| SN | Risk factors can occur across generations in the same family, such as problematic behaviors of mothers affecting their children. | |
| RT | JG18 multi-generation prevention qh ah |
| JA6.6e | . risk factors qh |
| SN | Attributes of individuals or environments that increase the chances of developing a disorder. They may also lead to greater severity or longer duration of the disorder. Risk factors may be genetic, biological, psychological, social, or environmental in origin. | |
| ST | disease risk | |
| disorder predictors | ||
| models of vulnerability | ||
| risk characteristics | ||
| risk indicators | ||
| risk precursors | ||
| vulnerability factors | ||
| NT | AM8e AOD induced risk qh ah | |
| JD4e risk factor model qh ah | ||
| NF22.2.6 academic failure qh ah | ||
| +TP4e school dropout qh ah | ||
| BT | +RM14e predictive factor qh ah | |
| RT | AE8e AOD use susceptibility qh ah | |
| AJ2.2 vulnerability model of AODU disorder qh ah | ||
| +AKe causes of AODU qh ah | ||
| +EA18.2e stressor qh ah | ||
| +GA10e etiology qh ah | ||
| +GA10.8.2e disease susceptibility qh ah | ||
| JG26.2.2.6 assessment for AODU susceptibility qh ah | ||
| +JKe prevention barriers qh ah | ||
| LC2.12e social isolation qh ah | ||
| +MT10.4 risk qh ah | ||
| +PDe epidemiology qh ah |
| JA6.8e | . protective factors qh |
| SN | Protective factors increase resiliency or inhibit the development of disorders, such as AODU problems. They are generally viewed as the opposite of risk factors.
Protective factors decrease the risk of disorders or maladaptive behavior in several ways. They may reduce exposure to risk factors, disrupt important processes involved in the development of the disorder, interact with a risk factor to reduce its effects, or directly reduce dysfunction. | |
| ST | protective characteristics | |
| resiliency factors | ||
| NT | EE14.4.4.2.2e protective drug effect qh ah | |
| RT | AK8 resistance to AODD qh ah | |
| EA20 stress moderator qh ah | ||
| +FE10e skills qh ah | ||
| +GA10.8.4 resistance to disease qh ah | ||
| +NF20e affective and interpersonal education qh ah | ||
| +NF20.4e skills building qh ah |
| JA6.10 | . modifiability of risk or protective factors qh |
| HN | Introduced 2000. |
| JA6.12 | . internal risk and protective factors qh |
| HN | Introduced 2000. | |
| ST | individual risk factors | |
| RT | +AH12e age of AODU onset qh ah | |
| RM10.2 individual-level variable qh ah |
| JA6.12.6 | . . biological risk and protective factors qh |
| HN | Introduced 2000. | |
| ST | medical risk and protective factors | |
| NT | +HF26e biological markers qh ah | |
| RT | AM8e AOD induced risk qh ah | |
| ED4.14.2.2e premature birth qh ah | ||
| +EE20.6.4e prenatal AOD exposure qh ah | ||
| GJ2.12e low birth weight qh ah | ||
| +GZe behavioral and mental disorder qh ah | ||
| +HB4.6.2e AODR biological markers qh ah | ||
| +JA6 risk and protective factors qh ah |
| JA6.12.6.6 | . . . genetic risk and protective factors qh |
| HN | Introduced 2000. | |
| RT | +HB4.6.2.4e AODR genetic markers qh ah |
| JA6.12.8 | . . psychological risk and protective factors qh |
| HN | Introduced 2000. | |
| ST | psychiatric risk and protective factors | |
| BT | +JA6.16 behavioral risk and protective factors qh ah | |
| RT | +FE10e skills qh ah | |
| +FP14.10.6e anxiety qh ah | ||
| +FQe psychological stress qh ah | ||
| +FR16.8.2.2e self-esteem qh ah | ||
| +GZe behavioral and mental disorder qh ah | ||
| +JA6 risk and protective factors qh ah | ||
| +LB14e social deviance qh ah |
| JA6.14 | . external risk and protective factors qh |
| HN | Introduced 2000. | |
| RT | RM10.4 group-level variable qh ah |
| JA6.14.2 | . . interpersonal risk and protective factors qh |
| HN | Introduced 2000. | |
| ST | social risk and protective factors | |
| BT | +JA6.16 behavioral risk and protective factors qh ah | |
| RT | LC2.14.4e peer pressure qh ah |
| JA6.14.2.2 | . . . family risk and protective factors qh |
| HN | Introduced 2000. | |
| RT | +LE intimacy and family qh ah | |
| +LKe life event qh ah |
| JA6.14.2.4 | . . . peer risk and protective factors qh |
| HN | Introduced 2000. |
| JA6.14.4 | . . life circumstance risk and protective factors qh |
| HN | Introduced 2000. | |
| ST | life event risk and protective factors | |
| RT | +LH4 life circumstances qh ah | |
| +LKe life event qh ah | ||
| +MT14.8e standard of living qh ah |
| JA6.14.6 | . . environmental risk and protective factors qh |
| HN | Introduced 2000. | |
| RT | +JA6 risk and protective factors qh ah |
| JA6.14.6.6 | . . . medical environmental risk and protective factors qh |
| HN | Introduced 2000. |
| JA6.14.6.8 | . . . social environmental risk and protective factors qh |
| HN | Introduced 2000. | |
| RT | +MT2.10e AOD availability qh ah |
| JA6.14.6.8.6 | . . . . school risk and protective factors qh |
| HN | Introduced 2000. | |
| RT | +NF22.2e academic performance qh ah | |
| +TP4e school dropout qh ah |
| JA6.14.6.8.8 | . . . . sociocultural risk and protective factors qh |
| HN | Introduced 2000. | |
| RT | HB4.6.6e AODR sociocultural markers qh ah | |
| +MCe sociocultural aspects of AOD use qh ah |
| JA6.16 | . behavioral risk and protective factors qh |
| HN | Introduced 2000. | |
| NT | JA6.12.8 psychological risk and protective factors qh ah | |
| +JA6.14.2 interpersonal risk and protective factors qh ah | ||
| RT | +FS specific attitude and behavior qh ah | |
| HB4.6.4e AODR behavioral markers qh ah | ||
| +LB16 social attachment vs detachment qh ah |
| JA6.18 | . demographic risk and protective factors qh |
| HN | Introduced 2000. | |
| SN | Risk and protective factors that are easily observable demographic variables. They can be internal or external. Determination of recipient groups for selective prevention is generally based on demographic risk factors. | |
| RT | JC4.4.2e selective prevention qh ah |
| JA8 | risk and needs assessment qh |
| HN | Introduced 1995. | |
| RT | +RF purpose of study qh ah |
| JA8.2e | . risk assessment qh |
| SN | Studies attempting to identify at-risk groups or assess the predisposition of society towards a particular problem, such as drug use, based on a set of predictive risk factors. This also includes identifying the risks posed by that problem. For tobacco, this could be identifying the risks posed by secondhand smoke. | |
| NT | JA8.6.2e community risk assessment qh ah | |
| +JG26.2.2e health risk assessment qh ah | ||
| BT | +FV24.6 assessment qh ah | |
| +MT10.4 risk qh ah | ||
| RT | HB4.2e screening and diagnostic method for potential AODD qh ah | |
| JD4e risk factor model qh ah |
| JA8.4e | . needs assessment qh |
| SN | Process by which a geographic area, community, or organization is examined for its needs for a particular service. Much of the AOD literature pertaining to needs assessment discusses how to assess the needs for services or programs, such as treatment programs, employee assistance programs, or prevention programs. The term also applies to assessing the needs of a specific group of people, such as the treatment needs of women or intravenous drug users in a particular community. | |
| NT | JA8.6.4e community needs assessment qh ah | |
| JN6e individual needs assessment qh ah | ||
| BT | +FV24.6 assessment qh ah | |
| RT | +JN patient assessment and diagnosis qh ah | |
| +MQ8.2e program planning qh ah | ||
| +RCe research and evaluation method qh ah |
| JA8.6 | . community risk and needs assessment qh |
| HN | Introduced 1995. | |
| ST | societal risk and needs assessment | |
| BT | +MQ8 program planning, implementation, and evaluation qh ah | |
| RT | +RCe research and evaluation method qh ah |
| JA8.6.2e | . . community risk assessment qh |
| HN | Introduced 1995. ETOH descriptor 2000. | |
| SN | Assessment of the predisposition of a community or group towards drug use based on a set of predictive risk and protective factors, prevalence studies, etc. Such an assessment can be conducted on the local, state or national level as well as in a school or organization; it can involve the total population or special population subgroups. Also includes the assessment of health risks posed by AOD use for users or non-users (the health risks of secondhand smoke). More broadly, used for assessment of the risks of any type of health problem within a community or group. | |
| BT | +JA8.2e risk assessment qh ah |
| JA8.6.4e | . . community needs assessment qh |
| HN | Introduced 1995. ETOH descriptor 2000. | |
| SN | Assessment of the needs for prevention, treatment, and maintenance programs and services within a community or group, usually based on risk assessment. Such an assessment can be conducted on the local, state, or national level as well as in a school or organization; it can involve the total population or special population subgroups. | |
| BT | +JA8.4e needs assessment qh ah |
| JA8.6.6e | . . community monitoring qh |
| HN | Introduced 1995. | |
| SN | Collecting data over time on the incidence and prevalence of AOD use and abuse and risk and protective factors in a given community to justify, plan, and evaluate AOD programs. | |
| RT | +MLe community action qh ah |
| JBe | prevention d-out qh |
| SN | Social, economic, legal, educational, psychological, or medical measures aimed (1) at removing the causes or preventing the development of disorders or (2) at avoiding or ameliorating the harmful
effects and consequences of an established disorder (overlap with treatment). AOD prevention strives at minimizing the use of potentially addictive substances or lowering the dependence risk in
susceptible individuals. The prevention section of the Thesaurus covers strategies aimed at preventing disorders, including education and information programs directed at groups and preventive
interventions directed at families and individuals. It also includes measures an individual can take to prevent development of a disorder, as well as prevention of AODR accidents. Use a more
specific descriptor when applicable.
"To prevent" literally means "to keep something from happening." Different notions of what that something is constitute a source of confusion in the prevention field. For example, do measures to prevent sequelae of a disorder constitute prevention or a part of treatment? (IOM) A prevention target group can be specified by a descriptor from *+T demographic characteristics* qh ah, possibly combined with a descriptor from *+S field, discipline, or occupation* qh ah. Classification: The descriptors under prevention are subdivided into three major facets; a prevention effort can be characterized by combination, choosing the appropriate descriptor from each facet. The three facets are: *+JE prevention strategy, program, or service* qh ah is a rather formal facet that allows one to specify to which of these categories a prevention effort belongs. *+JF prevention by sponsor or setting* qh ah allows one to specify who sponsors the prevention effort and/or where the prevention effort takes place, two aspects that are usually tightly intertwined. *+JG prevention approach* qh ah, the longest facet, deals with the methods used, the specific approaches and measures that are taken to accomplish prevention. | |
| NT | +JA2.4e prevention research qh ah | |
| +JC basic prevention categories qh ah | ||
| +JDe prevention model qh ah | ||
| +JE prevention strategy, program, or service qh ah | ||
| +JF prevention by sponsor or setting qh ah | ||
| +JGe prevention approach qh ah | ||
| +JH health-related prevention qh ah | ||
| +JJe intervention (persuasion to treatment) qh ah | ||
| +JKe prevention barriers qh ah | ||
| PN4.4e history of AOD prevention qh ah | ||
| RT | +HB AODU screening, identification, and diagnostic method qh ah | |
| +J prevention, treatment, and maintenance. health care qh ah | ||
| +JA2.4e prevention research qh ah | ||
| +JG26e identification and screening qh ah | ||
| +JUe health care administration qh ah | ||
| +MP18.2e public policy on AOD qh ah | ||
| +N communication, information, and education qh ah | ||
| +NFe education and training qh ah |
| JB2e | AOD prevention qh |
| SN | Removing the causes or preventing the development of AOD disorders, accidents, or the harmful effects and consequences of drinking or use of other drugs. Use this descriptor or a more specific one under it in combination with one or more descriptors for the prevention goal(s) and approaches. | |
| NT | PN4.4e history of AOD prevention qh ah |
| JB2.2e | . prevention of problematic AODU qh |
| HN | ETOH descriptor 2000. | |
| NT | +HK2.6e cessation of AODU qh ah | |
| BT | +JB4.4e prevention of disorder qh ah | |
| RT | +AA2.4e problematic AOD use qh ah |
| JB2.4 | . AODU harm reduction qh |
| HN | Introduced 2000. | |
| ST | AOD control in the phase of consequences | |
| prevention of harm from AODU | ||
| NT | +JG24 AODR traffic safety measures qh ah | |
| JG24.2.2e ride program qh ah | ||
| JH10.6.4e needle distribution and exchange qh ah | ||
| BT | +JB4.6.2e harm reduction qh ah | |
| +JC2.4e secondary prevention qh ah | ||
| RT | +JB4.6 prevention of disorder consequences qh ah | |
| +JPe treatment and maintenance qh ah | ||
| MM8.4 violence prevention qh ah |
| JB2.4.2 | . . prevention of AOD effects and consequences qh |
| HN | Introduced 1995. | |
| SN | Prevention of the harmful effects and consequences resulting from AOD use, abuse, and dependence. | |
| BT | +JB4.6 prevention of disorder consequences qh ah | |
| RT | +AMe AOD effects and consequences qh ah |
| JB2.4.2.2e | . . . prevention of AODE qh |
| HN | ETOH descriptor 2000. | |
| SN | Prevention of the medical or psychological effects of AODU. | |
| BT | +AM2e AODE qh ah |
| JB2.4.2.4e | . . . prevention of AOD associated consequences qh |
| HN | Introduced 1995. Through 1995 also use "prevention of AODU consequences." |
| JB2.4.2.4.2e | . . . . AODR injury prevention qh |
| SN | Includes the prevention of any injuries as a result of AODR crashes or incidents. | |
| ST | AODR accident prevention | |
| NT | JG10.4.6.8 drinking and driving education qh ah | |
| MO6.6.4.2e roadside sobriety check qh ah | ||
| +OB10e AODR accident prevention technology qh ah | ||
| BT | +AM4.2e AODR injury qh ah | |
| +GH6.2e injury qh ah | ||
| +OR4.2e accident prevention qh ah | ||
| RT | +MN32.2.2e DWI laws qh ah | |
| MO6.6.12.2.2e DWI arrest qh ah | ||
| +OBe AOD use detection technology qh ah |
| JB2.4.4e | . . prevention of AODR problems qh |
| SN | Prevention of AOD related problems, such as drinking and driving or drug trafficking. | |
| BT | +ANe AODR interpersonal and societal problems qh ah | |
| RT | JF12.2e server intervention qh ah | |
| +OR safety and accidents qh ah |
| JB4e | prevention goals qh |
| SN | In the prevention of AODU, goals depend on the type of drug. For alcohol, the goal varies considerably, depending on the age of the user, the extent of use, and the settings in which the use takes place. | |
| BT | +JA4.4 prevention and treatment goals qh ah | |
| RT | +ADe AOD use behavior qh ah | |
| JB6e prevention outcome qh ah | ||
| +JC basic prevention categories qh ah | ||
| +JGe prevention approach qh ah | ||
| +JL2e treatment goals qh ah | ||
| MP18.2.8.8e demand reduction policy qh ah |
| JB4.2 | . intermediate prevention goals qh |
| HN | Introduced 2000. | |
| SN | Effecting changes in the causes and circumstances that affect the development or severity of a disorder or its consequences. Effecting changes in risk and protective factors. Creating preconditions under which preventive interventions can be successful. These are intermediate steps towards any of the final prevention goals listed below. | |
| ST | prevent risk condition that may lead to a disorder | |
| proximal prevention targets | ||
| RT | JB12e prevention readiness qh ah | |
| +JGe prevention approach qh ah |
| JB4.4e | . prevention of disorder qh |
| HN | ETOH descriptor 2000. | |
| SN | Removing the causes or preventing the development of disorders. | |
| NT | +JB2.2e prevention of problematic AODU qh ah |
| JB4.4.2 | . . prevention of new cases of disorder qh |
| HN | Introduced 2000. | |
| ST | reduction of new cases | |
| RT | PD6.2e incidence qh ah |
| JB4.4.2.2 | . . . prevention of first incidence of a disorder qh |
| HN | Introduced 2000. | |
| ST | preventing initiation |
| JB4.4.2.2.2 | . . . . prevent the start of etiologic sequence qh |
| HN | Introduced 2000. | |
| SN | Prevent the start of a sequence that will lead to a disorder. | |
| ST | prevention of onset | |
| RT | JC2.2e primary prevention qh ah |
| JB4.4.2.2.4 | . . . . halt the progression of an etiologic sequence qh |
| HN | Introduced 2000. | |
| SN | Reduce the length of time that early symptoms continue and halt the progression of severity so that the individual does not even come close to meeting full diagnostic criteria. | |
| RT | +JC2.4e secondary prevention qh ah |
| JB4.4.2.4 | . . . prevention of later incidences of a disorder qh |
| HN | Introduced 2000. | |
| ST | prevention of recurrence | |
| RT | JP22.6e relapse prevention qh ah |
| JB4.4.2.6 | . . . delay the onset of disorder qh |
| HN | Introduced 2000. |
| JB4.4.4 | . . reduce existing cases of disorder qh |
| HN | Introduced 2000. | |
| RT | PD6.4e prevalence qh ah |
| JB4.4.6 | . . reduce duration or severity of disorder qh |
| HN | Introduced 2000. | |
| SN | If preventive interventions are not successful in forestalling the onset of a disorder, they may still have an effect by reducing the duration and/or severity of the disorder. |
| JB4.4.6.2 | . . . reduce the duration of disorder qh |
| HN | Introduced 2000. |
| JB4.4.6.4 | . . . reduce the severity of disorder qh |
| HN | Introduced 2000. | |
| BT | +GA12.4.10e disease severity qh ah |
| JB4.4.8 | . . comorbidity prevention qh |
| HN | Introduced 2000. |
| JB4.6 | . prevention of disorder consequences qh |
| SN | Strives to avoid or ameliorate the harmful effects and consequences of an established disorder rather than cure it. This can be achieved by measures taken before the onset of the disorder or during the course of the disorder. | |
| ST | prevent disability associated with a disorder | |
| NT | +JB2.4.2 prevention of AOD effects and consequences qh ah | |
| RT | +JB2.4 AODU harm reduction qh ah | |
| +JP22.4e long-term care qh ah | ||
| JP22.6e relapse prevention qh ah | ||
| +JP24e rehabilitation qh ah |
| JB4.6.2e | . . harm reduction qh |
| HN | ETOH descriptor 2000. | |
| ST | harm avoidance | |
| harm minimization | ||
| NT | +JB2.4 AODU harm reduction qh ah | |
| MP18.2.8.16e harm reduction policy qh ah | ||
| BT | +JC2.4e secondary prevention qh ah | |
| RT | +ANe AODR interpersonal and societal problems qh ah | |
| +HK2.10.2e chemical maintenance method qh ah | ||
| +JPe treatment and maintenance qh ah | ||
| LR6.4.6 safe spaces for drug users qh ah | ||
| +MM8 safety from crime and violence qh ah | ||
| MM8.4 violence prevention qh ah |
| JB6e | prevention outcome qh |
| HN | Introduced 2000. | |
| ST | prevention effectiveness | |
| RT | +JB4e prevention goals qh ah | |
| JB12e prevention readiness qh ah |
| JB8 | prevention side effects qh |
| HN | Introduced 2000. | |
| ST | prevention adverse effects | |
| prevention harmful effects | ||
| RT | +JP12.12 treatment side effects qh ah |
| JB10e | attitude toward prevention qh |
| HN | Introduced 1995. ETOH descriptor 2000. | |
| SN | Attitudes toward prevention and prevention programs generally. | |
| BT | +FR16 attitude qh ah | |
| RT | JP10.2.2e patient attitude toward treatment qh ah | |
| JP10.6e provider attitude toward treatment qh ah |
| JB12e | prevention readiness qh |
| HN | Introduced 2000. | |
| SN | Applies both to individuals and groups/communities/institutions. For individuals, includes such elements as perception of susceptibility to the disorder, perception of the severity of the disorder for which the person is at risk, perception of the benefits of action, and perception of barriers to action. For groups/communities/institutions includes such elements as group norms regarding prevention, political conditions, and organizational culture. | |
| ST | prevention-related perceptions of self | |
| readiness for intervention | ||
| resistance to engage in preventive activities | ||
| RT | FD18.20e readiness to change qh ah | |
| +FR16.8.2e attitude toward self qh ah | ||
| JB4.2 intermediate prevention goals qh ah | ||
| JB6e prevention outcome qh ah | ||
| +JJe intervention (persuasion to treatment) qh ah | ||
| +JP10.2 patient treatment factors qh ah |
| JB14e | prevention paradox qh |
| HN | Introduced 2000. | |
| SN | The following phenomenon is known as the prevention paradox. A preventive measure that brings much benefit to the population but offers little benefit to each participating individual; conversely, many measures that are of great benefit to an individual offer a negligible benefit to the population. For example, seat belt use offers only a tiny marginal decrease in risk of death or injury to any one individual, despite its significant contribution to reducing the total accident toll; heart surgery, the epitome of the medical battle against individual mortality, has little or no impact on the public's health. In a calculation of short-term personal gain, the most effective health measures for the population pale in importance against the saving of identifiable lives. |
| JC | basic prevention categories d-out qh |
| HN | Introduced 2000. | |
| SN | There are two schemes of basic prevention categories. One is based on the time of intervention and distinguishes between *JC2.2 primary prevention* qh
ah (preventing a disorder before its onset), *+JC2.4 secondary prevention* qh ah (stopping a disorder in its early stages and/or limiting its harm), and *JC2.6 tertiary prevention* qh ah (to end an established disorder and/or to avoid or ameliorate its harmful effects and consequences through treatment and rehabilitation). The other
scheme is based on the scope of the recipient group and the cost-benefit analysis of preventive interventions as it relates to universal or limited recipient groups. It distinguishes between
*JC4.2 universal prevention* qh ah (directed at the entire population and thus warrants only low costs
per individual), *JC4.4.2 selective prevention* qh ah (directed at demographically defined subsets of
the total population whose members are deemed at particular risk and thus warrant higher cost per individual), and *JC4.4.4 indicated prevention* qh
ah (directed at subjects who have been individually identified as being at risk, based on risk indicators or early warning signs, and who thus
warrant still higher cost per individual).
Although in practice there might be great overlap between categories from the two schemes in terms of time, target selection, and prevention approaches, logically, these two sets of categories are clearly distinct and should not be confused. As an Institute of Medicine report (1994) observed, "Unfortunately, over time there has been a simplistic blending of these two classification systems, and erroneous integration of terms that has added to the confusion." "The definitions of these categories, and the delineation between prevention and treatment is difficult for mental and substance abuse disorders, because it is often more difficult to document that a 'case' of mental disorder exists than it is to document a physical health problem. Symptoms and dysfunctions associated with a disorder may exist even though all criteria of a DSM diagnosis are not present. Even more difficult is the application of such categories to the prevention of problematic AOD use that does not rise to the level of a disorder." (From the same IOM report) The time-based scheme was the prevalent scheme until at least the mid-1980s, based on its adoption by the Public Health Service. Since then, the target-based scheme has risen to prominence based on its adoption by the Institute of Medicine and other institutions, such as NIDA. The AOD Thesaurus must reflect the literature and the thinking of all quarters in the field, and therefore includes both schemes. Furthermore, the time-based categories are closely aligned with specific *+JB4 prevention goals* qh ah. Indexers will assign only the descriptor that best corresponds to the perspective of a document. To achieve complete retrieval, searchers are advised to search for all applicable descriptors from *+JB4 prevention goals* qh ah and from *+JC basic prevention categories* qh ah, combined with OR. | |
| BT | +JBe prevention qh ah |
| JC2 | . prevention by timing of the intervention qh |
| HN | Introduced 2000. | |
| SN | The traditional public health model distinguishes categories of prevention by the timing of the preventive intervention with respect to the development of a disorder: before its onset or after its onset but before full-blown clinical manifestation. This scheme works best for disorders that follow a simple mechanistic and linear process from onset to clinical manifestation. For disorders with multiple interacting causes and a more complex pathogenic sequence, the determination of "onset" is difficult and this scheme is less applicable. |
| JC2.2e | . . primary prevention qh |
| HN | ETOH descriptor 2000. | |
| SN | The goal of primary prevention is to reduce prevalence of a disorder by preventing its onset (i.e., by reducing the incidence of new cases in a population). | |
| RT | JB4.4.2.2.2 prevent the start of etiologic sequence qh ah | |
| +JC basic prevention categories qh ah | ||
| +JC4 prevention by scope of recipient group qh ah |
| JC2.4e | . . secondary prevention qh |
| HN | ETOH descriptor 2000. | |
| SN | The goal of secondary prevention is to reduce the prevalence of a disorder by identifying the disorder at an early stage, before it has caused suffering or visibility and when it still can be reverted or arrested. By its nature, secondary prevention requires interventions with an individual, couple, or family and includes the detection of individuals who need such interventions, through screening, referral, or other methods. Secondary prevention is sometimes also known as "intervention" (with this term being used in a very specific meaning). The boundary between secondary prevention and treatment is blurred; the specific term "intervention" sometimes is used with a connotation that would push the boundary into treatment further than "secondary prevention" would connote. | |
| NT | +JB2.4 AODU harm reduction qh ah | |
| +JB4.6.2e harm reduction qh ah | ||
| JJ2 early intervention (early in a disease) qh ah | ||
| RT | +HA screening and diagnostic method qh ah | |
| +HB AODU screening, identification, and diagnostic method qh ah | ||
| JB4.4.2.2.4 halt the progression of an etiologic sequence qh ah | ||
| +JC basic prevention categories qh ah | ||
| +JC4 prevention by scope of recipient group qh ah |
| JC2.6e | . . tertiary prevention qh |
| HN | Introduced 1995. ETOH descriptor 2000. | |
| SN | The goal of tertiary prevention is to end an established disorder and/or to avoid or ameliorate its harmful effects and consequences through treatment and rehabilitation. Overlaps with or is an aspect of treatment, rehabilitation, and relapse prevention. Only index with this descriptor if it is mentioned in the document; otherwise index with *+JP treatment and maintenance* qh ah or one of the related terms listed below. | |
| BT | +JPe treatment and maintenance qh ah | |
| RT | +JC basic prevention categories qh ah | |
| +JC4 prevention by scope of recipient group qh ah | ||
| +JP22e aftercare qh ah | ||
| JP22.6e relapse prevention qh ah | ||
| +JP24e rehabilitation |